Variable Geometry Turbocharger Technologies for Exhaust Energy Recovery and Boosting‐A Review

As emissions regulations become increasingly demanding, higher power density engine (downsized/downspeeded and increasingly right-sized) requirements are driving the development of turbocharging systems. Variable geometry turbocharging (VGT) at its most basic level is the first step up from standard fixed geometry turbocharger systems. Currently, VGTs offer significant alternative options or complementarity vis-à-vis more advanced turbocharging options. This review details the range of prominent variable geometry technologies that are commercially available or openly under development, for both turbines and compressors and discusses the relative merits of each. Along with prominent diesel-engine boosting systems, attention is given to the control schemes employed and the actuation systems required to operate variable geometry devices, and the specific challenges associated with turbines designed for gasoline engines.