Further exploration of Vold–Kalman-filtering order tracking with shaft-speed information—I: Theoretical part, numerical implementation and parameter investigations

The papers explore and present advanced order-tracking techniques using the Vold–Kalman filter with a weighting factor to distinguish and separate both close and cross-order components in signals measured from rotary machines. In the first part of this series of papers, theoretical formulation, numerical implementation, and parameter investigation are performed. Especially, a weighting-factor parameter is further examined and implemented to tune and attain variant tracking filter characteristics. Significant comparisons to other conventional order-tracking schemes such as the windowed Fourier transform and the resampling method are made to highlight superior characters of the implemented techniques. Additionally, comprehensive parameter investigations, such as weighting factor, acquired reference shaft speed and noise/unwanted signature effects on tracking results, are also performed for guidelines upon using these techniques. Engineering applications on the noise–vibration–harshness concerns associated with a laboratory transmission-component test-bench and two types of electrical scooters are stated in the second part of the papers.