Noise-resistant watermarking in the fractional Fourier domain utilizing moment-based image representation

This paper presents a novel noise-robust scheme for watermark embedding and extraction, applicable on the broad scientific field of information security, including digital encryption for secure transmission. The proposed scheme employs Fourier coefficients for moment-based image analysis and the fractional Fourier transformation for watermark embedding. This approach maintains the advantages of spatial and frequency domain representations, offers two additional degrees of freedom associated with the fractional Fourier transformation angles, whereas it provides increased detectability of the embedded watermarks at the received end. The experimental evaluation of the proposed scheme leads to the conclusion that it is more robust in the presence of noise than previous schemes for watermark embedding and extraction.