Causation mechanisms in car-to-vulnerable road user crashes: Implications for active safety systems

► 70% of 56 vulnerable road users (VRU) had interpretation and planning problems. ► 30% of 56 VRU did not notice the car, mainly due to visual obstructions. ► Active safety systems should inform VRU about driver intentions and time gap. ► Addressing planning problems may require systems that assist drivers. ► Cooperative systems may be important to address obstruction issues.