Cryopreserved human amniotic membrane and a bioinspired underwater adhesive to seal and promote healing of iatrogenic fetal membrane defect sites

In contrast to humans, swine fetal membranes heal spontaneously after an iatrogenic injury and thus not an adequate model. hAM patches became incorporated into the defect site by cellular ingrowth from the fetal membranes. The bioinspired adhesive adhered the hAM patches within the defect site.