Effects of wing polyphenism, aphid genotype and host plant chemistry on energy metabolism of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae

▶ Maintenance costs are unknown in aphid wing polyphenism. ▶ Wingless aphids are bigger than wingless aphids independently of plant defences. ▶ Metabolic rates depend on wing condition and plant defences. ▶ Differential costs between morphs occur during developmental stage. ▶ Non-clear differences in maintenance costs propose environmental-depending costs.