Local-scale disturbances can benefit an endangered, fire-adapted plant species in Western Mediterranean heathlands in the absence of fire

- We infer the role of human disturbances on occurrence and life-stage abundances of an endangered pyrophyte.
- Regional disturbances do not predict species occurrence.
- Regional disturbances negatively affect life-stage abundances.
- Local disturbances positively affect occurrence and abundances.

Fire-prone Mediterranean heathlands are biodiversity hotspots and home to a multitude of fire-dependent species. Fire-suppression policies worldwide have increased the risk of extinction of such species or have delegated relative prominence to other disturbances. This study explores how such a substitution of disturbances can alter the realized niche and population structure of a post-fire specialist. Using multi-model inference, we evaluate the relative magnitude and directionality (positive or negative) in the effect of large-scale (entire range) and local-scale (southern Spain) anthropogenic disturbances on the occurrence and abundance of Drosophyllum lusitanicum. This rare carnivorous plant is endemic to heathlands in the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula and northwestern Morocco managed under strict fire suppression policies. An increase in regional-scale anthropogenic disturbances did not affect regional-scale occurrence but significantly decreased abundance of Drosophyllum. On the other hand, local-scale anthropogenic disturbances positively affected both population occurrence and abundance. We demonstrate that non-fire anthropogenic disturbances can drive the population structure and distribution of an endemic post-fire specialist in Mediterranean heathlands, but their impacts change with their spatial scale. Although large-scale disturbances may threaten populations, small-scale disturbances may be more significant for species occurrence, and positively affect the distribution and abundances of pyrophytic species. In heathlands where fire suppression is a common practice, applying such disturbance regimes can be crucial for the preservation of fire-adapted species.