Mediterranean amphibians and the loss of temporary ponds: Are there alternative breeding habitats?

- We model temporary pond loss and amphibian habitat occupancy in Mediterranean farmland.
- Pond declines were highest in irrigated farmland, irrespective of formal protection.
- Temporary ponds showed the highest species richness and probabilities of occupancy.
- Only one species was more prevalent in irrigation water bodies than in temporary ponds.
- Irrigation water bodies do not offset the loss of temporary ponds in intensive farmland.

In farmland landscapes, amphibians often breed in artificial water bodies, which may offset at least partly the loss of natural wetlands associated with agricultural intensification. It is possible, however, that artificial habitats provide conditions for a minor proportion of the regional species pool, benefiting just a few widespread generalists. We assessed these alternative views by documenting the decline of temporary ponds in a Mediterranean farmland landscape between 1991 and 2009, and by estimating the occupancy of natural (temporary ponds and streams) and artificial water bodies (farm ponds, irrigation channels and drainage ditches) by amphibians across the breeding season (February-June 2010). We used hierarchical Bayesian dynamic multi-species occupancy modelling to control for differences in detectability across species, sampling occasions and habitat types. Over two decades the farmland landscape lost 56% of its temporary ponds, of which 89.3% were destroyed through agricultural activities such as cultivation, conversion to permanent farm ponds, and drainage. The survival rate of ponds was lowest within an irrigated perimeter, and there was no positive effect of protection by a natural park. Estimated species richness per site was at least twice as high in temporary ponds as in the other habitat types. From the 10 amphibian species recorded, seven had the highest occupancy in temporary ponds, and were absent or occurred rarely in artificial habitats. Only a single generalist species was widespread in farm ponds and irrigation channels. The results suggest that artificial water bodies are unlikely to sustain populations of most amphibian species in Mediterranean intensive farmland. Conservation efforts should be directed at protecting the temporary ponds still remaining within the farmed landscape, and at restoring or creating new temporary ponds where these have been lost during the last decades.