Accuracy, precision, and cost-effectiveness of conventional dung density and fecal DNA based survey methods to estimate Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population size and structure

► We compare dung density and fecal DNA based animal population monitoring methods. ► We examine accuracy, precision, and cost-effectiveness. ► DNA based methods provide more precise estimates, more quickly, and at lower cost. ► DNA based methods can also be used when dung density methods are impracticable. ► DNA based methods should contribute significantly to the management of many species.