Establishment of rare flood meadow species by plant material transfer: Experimental tests of threshold amounts and the effect of sowing position

► Effect of litter amount and seed position on seedling establishment, fate and fitness of eight grassland species was assessed. ► Low amounts of litter cover enhances seedling emergence and establishment. ► In general, large-seeded species had an advantage over small-seeded species. ► When applying seed-containing plant material the applied amount should not exceed 1000 g m−2. ► Optimal conditions for seedling establishment are crucial for the long-term success of restoration measures.