Resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm: insights from the laboratory and the field

Factors contributing to Bt resistance by western corn rootworm. The genotype is displayed below each larval and adult insect as RR = homozygous resistant, RS = heterozygous, and SS = homozygous susceptible. A lack of fitness costs contributes to the survival of resistant and heterozygous individuals in the refuge, and a lack of a high dose of Bt toxin permits the survival of homozygous susceptible and heterozygous individuals on Bt maize. 185