Evidence for emerging parasites and pathogens influencing outbreaks of stress-related diseases like chalkbrood

► A cohort of 220 honey bee colonies was closely monitored over 6 years. ► Presence of various parasites and pathogens was continuously analysed. ► Mite infestation in autumn was related to N. apis infection in the following spring. ► Mite infestation in summer was related to chalkbrood outbreaks in the same season. ► N. ceranae infection in spring was related to chalkbrood outbreaks in summer.