13C metabolic flux analysis of recombinant expression hosts

- The flexibility and precision of 13C MFA is rapidly advancing.
- New theory and software tools are enabling more sophisticated MFA approaches.
- New isotopomer measurement techniques have also been developed for MFA.
- 13C MFA has identified pathways associated with high-titer protein expression.
- More work is needed to assess the impacts of manipulating flux into these pathways.