Experimental and numerical investigation of turbulent cross-flow in a staggered tube bundle

This paper presents the results of measurements and numerical predictions of turbulent cross-flow in a staggered tube bundle. The bundle consists of transverse and longitudinal pitch-to-diameter ratios of 3.8 and 2.1, respectively. The experiments were conducted using a particle image velocimetry technique, in a flow of water in a channel at a Reynolds number of 9300 based on the inlet velocity and the tube diameter. A commercial CFD code, ANSYS CFX V10.0, is used to predict the turbulent flow in the bundle. The steady and isothermal Reynolds–Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations were used to predict the turbulent flow using each of the following four turbulence models: a k-epsilon, a standard k-omega, a k-omega-based shear stress transport, and an epsilon-based second moment closure. The epsilon-based models used a scalable wall function and the omega-based models used a wall treatment that switches automatically between low-Reynolds and standard wall function formulations.The experimental results revealed extremely high levels of turbulence production by the normal stresses, as well as regions of negative turbulence production. The convective transport by mean flow and turbulent diffusion were observed to be significantly higher than in classical turbulent boundary layers. As a result, turbulence production is generally not in equilibrium with its dissipation rate. In spite of these characteristics, it was observed that the Reynolds normal stresses approximated from the k-based two-equation models were in a closer agreement with experiments than values obtained from the second moment closure. The results show that none of the turbulence models was able to consistently reproduce the mean and turbulent quantities reasonably well. The omega-based models predicted the mean velocities better in the developing region while the epsilon-based models gave better results in the region where the flow is becoming spatially periodic.