Constrained and extended free energy minimisation for modelling of processes and materials

The examples discussed include electrochemical Donnan equilibrium (particularly applied to aqueous pulp suspensions), surface and interfacial energies of liquid mixtures, systems affected by external magnetic fields and systems with time-dependent reaction extents and diffusion-constrained paraequilibrium. A number of practical applications have been achieved with the models that combine reaction kinetics with partial thermodynamic equilibrium calculation and ion exchange models based on Donnan equilibrium, that have both been applied with success in real-life industrial design and development work with multicomponent, multiphase systems. The method has been successfully applied to liquid surface energies of systems with multiple components and complex non-equilibrium data.