Energy harvesting from the FC stack that operates using the MPP tracking based on modified extremum seeking control

► The FCHPS control and MPP state-of-the-art are briefly presented. ► The loading effect to MPP of the fuel cells hybrid power sources (FCHPS) is analyzed. ► The proposed MPP algorithm is based on modified extremum seeking control scheme. ► The search speed and tracking accuracy are investigated through a frequency analysis. ► The dither persistence is improved using a large band for the band-pass filter.