The effects of bond, shrinkage and creep on cracking resistance of steel and GFRP RC members

The analytical formulae for predicting the cracking moment of the cross-section accounting for bond, shrinkage, creep and ageing of concrete are also proposed. It is demonstrated that the intense development of the partially recoverable instantaneous and creep strains play the main role. The proposed formulae are applicable to the assessment or retrofitting of the existing structures, where the full contact interaction techniques are inappropriate.