Chemical composition and source apportionment of the ambient PM2.5 in Hangzhou, China

- PM2.5 pollution was investigated in Hangzhou, China during April 2004 to March 2005.
- Water-soluble ions, metal elements, and total carbon in PM2.5 were determined.
- Temporal and spatial distributions for PM2.5 and its components were studied.
- Emission sources of PM2.5 in the central area were identified using positive matrix factorization.