Validation of EMMS-based drag model using lattice Boltzmann simulations on GPUs

The drag force distribution in heterogeneous particle-fluid systems with multi-scale structure is studied by lattice Boltzmann simulations, and the drag coefficient of the structure is found to be a function of voidages and fractions of the clusters, besides Reynolds number and solid volume fractions. Compared with several drag correlations based on the homogeneity assumption, good agreement is found between the simulations and the EMMS-based drag model for heterogeneous systems.