A techno-economic and environmental evaluation of the life cycle of bioethanol produced from rice straw by RT-CaCCO process

► Three scenarios are considered to evaluate the life cycle of bioethanol produced from rice straw. ► The net energy consumption, CO2 emission and production cost are estimated. ► The net energy consumption, CO2 emission and production cost are dependent on the scenarios. ► A shift in scenarios reduces the emission and production cost of bioethanol.