Near ground propagation model for pine tree forest environment

A propagation model experimentally derived from both free space and near ground plane earth path loss models for pine tree forest with foliage depth lower than 400 m has been proposed. It is a piecewise model taking foliage depth of 200 m as a boundary. The model is compared with several well-known models, namely Weissberger, ITU-R and COST235. Different from other models, the proposed one takes into account trunk height gain k. Observed average error is about 6 dB for proposed model whereas it is about 32 dB, 16 dB and 20 dB for COST235, Weissberger and ITU-R models, respectively. Also, it is observed that COST235 estimates the highest path loss among the models and it has the highest absolute errors especially in a forest with low foliage density.