Grey nuances in the black and white debate over subsidized Internet access

- Zero rating/Sponsored data plans exempt specific content from metering or provide free access to limited content.
- Opponents have concerns about effects on incentives for innovation while advocates consider subsidies a proven way to promote universal access.
- Calibrated zero rating can promote positive spillover and free rider opportunities without extending incumbent market dominance.
- If disputes arise, ex ante safeguards can provide flexible remedies.