Crashes and crash-surrogate events: Exploratory modeling with naturalistic driving data

► This paper connects the original research on traffic conflicts to the contemporary literature concerning crash surrogates using the crash-to-surrogate ratio. ► This event-based approach allows the expansion of the crash-to-surrogate concept beyond traffic conflicts to many contexts and crash types. ► The structure is tested using naturalistic driving data from a study conducted in the United States (Dingus et al., 2005).