Development of a smoke effect model for representing the psychological pressure from the smoke

Therefore, we developed a smoke effect model for representing the psychological pressure experienced when the evacuees are confronted with smoke or they move through the smoke. This developed smoke effect model is applied on FDS+Evac which can simulate the fire and evacuation simultaneously. We then analyzed the characteristics of evacuation such as evacuation time, walking speed, and direction, and the psychological pressure from smoke with applying the new smoke effect model. As a result of analysis, when the human-smoke interaction force is additionally applied, the characteristics of evacuation are more reliable than the case of considering the smoke effects on the walking speed and the life or death of evacuees only. However, additional studies for a more reliable psychological factor of the evacuees are required for improving the reality of the modified movement model.