Generation and characterization of submicron size bubbles

► Review of current methods for nanobubble generation. ► Successful generation of stable submicron size bubbles by hydrodynamic cavitation. ► Submicron size bubbles stable for at least 24 h in frother or surfactant solutions. ► Fine tune of surface charge of submicron size bubbles by solution chemistry. ► Specific adsorption of calcium on CO2 bubbles, but not on air/water vapour bubbles.