Flow characteristics in a volute-type centrifugal pump using large eddy simulation

The flow characteristics in a volute-type centrifugal pump operating at design (Qd = 35 m3/h) and off-design (Qoff = 20 m3/h) conditions are investigated using large eddy simulation. Numerical results indicate that separation bubbles are generated on both the pressure and suction sides of impeller blades. At the off-design condition, the blade pressure side contains a larger recirculation zone with highly unsteady characteristics due to impeller-volute interactions. The vortices shed from a blade trailing edge due to its rotation strongly interact with those from the following blade and leakage through radial gaps at the off-design condition, generating stronger vortices in a wider region inside the volute, whereas this mutual interaction is weak at the design condition. Flow separation also occurs around the volute tongue at both operating conditions. At the off-design condition, a part of high-pressure fluid discharged from the volute does not follow the main stream to the outlet duct but re-enters into the volute area near the volute tongue. This pressurized fluid forms a high adverse pressure gradient on the blade pressure side, resulting in strong unsteady separation there. Also, a high pressure gradient in the axial direction at the radial gaps is formed especially near the volute tongue, creating the leakage into the cavities. Inside the volute, azimuthal vortices exist and grow along the volute passage. A secondary motion induced by these vortices also significantly affects the leakage to the cavities. All of these flow losses contain unsteady features that are strongly influenced by impeller-volute interactions, especially at the off-design condition.