Ionic exchanges, structural movements and driven reactions in conducting polymers from bending artificial muscles

Bending polypyrrole/tape muscles translate any reaction driven ionic and aqueous exchange into large (up to 270 degrees) bending movements. The polypyrrole film is reduced between 1.0 V and −2.5 V with continuous charge consumption driven anions and water expulsion under control of two consecutive structural processes: shrinking and conformational compaction.