Bond Graph-Based Models of Lead-Acid Batteries. Application to Electric Vehicles

In this paper two different Bond Graph-Based models of lead-acid bateries used in electric vehicles are presented. The first approach consists on modeling each single part of the battery by its electric equivalent element whereas the second approach consists on finding an electrical model that reproduces the battery behavior as seen from the terminals. In order to study both battery models, the models of the electric traction and mechanical systems are also presented and integrated. Simulation results of the the complete model are provided in order to demonstrate the multi-domain feature of the proposal and the particular advantages of each battery model.