Separate spatial soliton pairs in an unbiased series two-photon photorefractive crystal circuit

Dark (bright) steady-state spatial solitons are predicted in one dimension for a series circuit consisting of two two-photon photorefractive crystals of which at least one must be photovoltaic. Each crystal can support a spatial soliton. The two solitons are known collectively as separate spatial soliton pairs with three types: dark–dark, bright–dark and bright–bright. In the limit in which the optical wave has a spatial extent much less than the width of the crystal, the dark soliton can affect the other soliton by light-induced current, but the bright soliton cannot affect the other soliton in the soliton pair.