Frequency splitting phenomenon of dual transverse modes in a Nd:YAG laser

We observed frequency splitting phenomenon of dual transverse modes (TEM00q and TEM01q) in a Nd:YAG microchip standing wave laser utilizing intracavity stress birefringence effects. Four resonance frequencies (ν00qe, ν00qo, ν01qe, and ν01qo, respectively) were produced and tuned by changing the diametral compression force applied on the laser crystal. The transverse mode frequency spacing for the same longitudinal mode number (Δνtrans) was 1.16 GHz, and the magnitude of frequency splitting (Δν) ranged from 0 MHz to 1.16 GHz. Based on this phenomenon, a four-mode differential standing wave laser, whose signal characteristics were a little like those of a four-mode differential travelling wave laser gyro however with a much larger frequency splitting range, was produced. The theoretical analysis is in good agreement with the experimental results. This phenomenon not only can be used to make lasers with two or more frequency differences, but also can be used to make high-resolution self-sensing laser sensors (e.g. laser force sensors and laser accelerometers).