A diachronic reconstruction of the Northern Mesopotamian landscape (4th to 2nd millennia BCE) from three separate sources of evidence

This diachronic study spatially reconstructs the land cover of Northern Mesopotamia using a bottom-up approach that brings together three separate strands of research conducted independently by each of the authors examining three independent lines of evidence: seed/grain, charcoal, and isotope data. The results nonetheless provide a unified picture of a diverse and changing landscape with different types of steppe and riverine forests across Northern Mesopotamia from the fourth through second millennia BCE.