Pathways of integrated coastal management from national policy to local implementation: Enabling climate change adaptation

► Institutionalisation of coastal management in South Africa is driven by legislation. ► Ad hoc and weak institutionalisation of coastal management in Mozambique. ► Strong policy and nested governance support evolution from ad hoc coastal management to ICM. ► ICM at local government level is weak were national institutionalisation of ICM is lacking. ► State, character and maturity of ICM policy also enables adaptation to climate change.