Dynamic modeling of cadmium substance flow with zinc and steel demand in Japan

► We conducted a dynamic substance flow analysis of cadmium in Japan in 2008. ► Cadmium production in Japan has been dominated by zinc production (demand). ► The results revealed the potential for a cadmium oversupply problem in the future. ► The recovery of zinc and cadmium from end-of-life products should be enhanced. ► It is also necessary to find a sustainable use of cadmium.