Modeling the effect of carbon-dioxide gas on cavitation

One of the controlling parameters of the physical and chemical effects produced by acoustic cavitation is the use of dissolved gas as it affects the temperature and pressure obtained at cavity collapse and, the reactions happening in a bubble. It also enhances the nucleation rates by decreasing the threshold required for cavitation by providing dissolved gas nuclei. The present study looks into the effect of carbon dioxide gas on cavitation using a diffusion limited model. The model couples the dynamics of a single bubble with 11 chemical reactions involving 8 reactive species. The effect of mass transport (diffusion of water vapor and radical species) and heat transport (by conduction) is included in the model. Simulations were carried out for different initial compositions of an Ar-CO2− bubble and the results were compared with an experimental study reported in the earlier literature. The results have indicated that intensity of collapse decreases with an increase in CO2 composition in the bubble thereby decreasing the yield of the oxidizing radicals like OH. This is due to the lower polytropic coefficient and higher specific heat of CO2 compared to that of argon. Also, the bubbles grows to a larger extent with an increase in the dissolved CO2 concentration thereby accommodating higher amounts of water vapor and ultimately decreasing the temperature obtained at collapse. Simulations were done for a bubble containing a mole fraction of 95% Ar and 5% CO2 at different values of driving frequencies (213, 355, 647 and 1000 kHz) and driving pressure amplitudes (3.22, 5, 7.5 and 10 bar). Higher production rate of OH radicals was predicted at a lower driving frequency, for a given driving pressure amplitude and it increased with an increase in the driving pressure amplitude. At a given driving pressure amplitude, the yield of OH radicals decreased with an increase in the CO2 concentration in the bubble for all the driving frequencies used in the simulations.