Measurement of fluoride substitution in precipitated fluorhydroxyapatite nanoparticles

Several methods for measuring fluoride substitution in fluorhydroxyapatite nanoparticles have been compared, including FTIRS, F-selective electrode, XPS, and a novel method based on XRD Rietveld analysis. XRD and FTIRS were found to be better because they detect apatite fluoride separately from other forms of fluoride, such as CaF2, and provide structural information as well as composition.