Electric Vehicle Development in Singapore and Technical Considerations for Charging Infrastructure

The paper starts with an introduction on the EV Phase 1 test-bedding which was co-led by the LTA and the Energy Market Authority (EMA). The Phase 1 test bed, which started in 2011 and completed in 2013, concluded that EVs are technically feasible in Singapore but their near-term opportunity lies in fleet electrification. Built on the findings from Phase 1, Phase 2 test-bedding, which started in 2014 and co-led by the LTA and the Economic Development Board (EDB), focuses on fleet electrification. This paper details the various pilot projects under Phase 2 including the adoption of a national public charging standard to increase the inter-operability for EV proliferation. A comparison assessment between two prevailing charging standards, namely International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Type 1 and Type 2, incorporating supporting literature research, is given. Local implementation needs and technical considerations, which have led to the adoption of Type 2 AC and Combo 2 charging systems as the national standard for public charging infrastructure in Singapore, are analysed. The paper concludes with some prospects for EV proliferation in Singapore's electromobility journey.