Economical and ecological assessment of hot-water boilers substitution or modernization within district heat supply systems across the Republic of Kazakhstan

Designs of new hot-water boilers KV-GM-42 and KV-GM-145 with bi-radiated screens and optimized convective heating surfaces, suggested by authors of this paper, are considered to fit the old series of boilers, and allow to have efficiency rate at about 93% level. This paper contains assessment of economical and ecological effects, which are going to be used as grounds for substitution of hot-water boilers that have come to the end of their service lifetime. Assessment was performed based on current tariffs and normative acts and in accordance with statistics data across the Republic of Kazakhstan.