Large-scale stationary energy storage: Seawater batteries with high rate and reversible performance

In this article, the feasibility of seawater batteries (SWBs) for large-scale stationary energy storage is demonstrated. This innovative battery chemistry makes use of a newly designed ionic liquid-based electrolyte (anolyte) composed of two ionic liquids, a sodium ion salt, and an additive to promote SEI formation. Lab-scale seawater cells delivering high capacities at the 2C-rate for 600 cycles without capacity decay were realized. The ionic liquid-based anolyte demonstrates high stability in the low voltage region typical of the hard carbon anode, contributing to the formation of a stable interface.306