Effect of deformation frequency on temperature and stress oscillations in cyclic phase transition of NiTi shape memory alloy

Distinctive temperature and stress oscillations can be observed in superelastic shape memory alloys (SMAs) when they subject to displacement-controlled cyclic phase transition. In this paper, we examine the effect of the deformation frequency on the thermal and mechanical responses of the polycrystalline superelastic NiTi rods under stress-induced cyclic phase transition. By synchronized measurement of the evolutions in overall temperature and stress–strain curve over the frequency range of 0.0004–1 Hz (corresponding average strain rate range of 4.8×10−5/s–1.2×10−1/s) in stagnant air, it was found that both the temperature evolution and the stress–strain curve vary significantly with the frequency and the number of cycles. For each frequency, steady-state cyclic thermal and mechanical responses of the specimen were reached after a transient stage, exhibiting stabilization. In the steady-state, the average temperature oscillated around a mean temperature plateau which increased monotonically with the frequency and rose rapidly in the high frequency range due to the rapid accumulation of hysteresis heat. The oscillation was mainly caused by the release and absorption of latent heat and increased with the frequency, eventually reaching a saturation value. The variations in the stress responses followed similar frequency dependence as the temperature. The steady-state stress–strain hysteresis loop area, as a measure of the material׳s damping capacity, first increased then decreased with the frequency in a non-monotonic manner. The experimental data were analyzed and discussed based on the simplified lumped heat transfer analysis and the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship, incorporating the inherent thermomechanical coupling in the material׳s response. We found that, for given material's properties and specimen geometries, all such frequency-dependent variations in temperature, stress and damping capacity were essentially determined by the competition between the time scale of the heat release (i.e. the phase transition frequency) and the time scale of the heat transfer to the ambient. The results emphasize that, the two time scales of loading and heat transfer must be clearly specified when characterizing and modeling the cyclic behavior of SMA materials.