Influence of crack deflection into the carbide/ferrite interface on cleavage fracture initiation in ferritic steels

In this and a companion study (Kroon, M., Faleskog, J., 2005. Micromechanics of cleavage fracture initiation in ferritic steels by carbide cracking. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 53, 171–196), the initiation of cleavage fracture in ferritic steels is studied. The initiation is modelled explicitly in the form of a microcrack, which nucleates in a brittle carbide and propagates into the surrounding ferrite. The carbide is modelled as an elastic cylinder and the ferrite as an elastic viscoplastic material. The crack growth is modelled using a cohesive surface, in which the tractions are governed by a modified exponential cohesive law. The advancing microcrack, which has nucleated in the carbide, may either continue into the ferrite or deflect into the interface between the carbide and the ferrite. Special attention is given to the influence of the mode mixity factor ββ, which is defined as the ratio between the shear and tensile strength of the interface between the carbide and the ferrite. Crack growth in the interface occurs in shear mode and is driven by a fibre loading mechanism. For mode mixity values β⩽0.2β⩽0.2, the crack deflects into the interface. The results indicate that crack growth in the interface can have a profound influence on the macroscopic fracture toughness of ferritic steels.