Vehicle fuel from biogas with carbon membranes; a comparison between simulation predictions and actual field demonstration

Technology readiness level according to the EU commission/Up-Scaling from lab to pilot scale; (a) lab scale module, (b) medium sized module, (c) Multimodule, (d) Membrane Pilot plant. Highlight for graphical content: Biomethane as vehicle fuel from biogas was upgraded in a carbon membrane-based pilot plant process. Applying a single stage separation operation meant a low energy usage; 0.13 kWh/(Nm3 of upgraded biogas). However, the brittleness of hollow fibers remained a challenge.320