Characteristics of urban households׳ electrical energy consumption in Indonesia and its saving potentials

It was found that if energy efficiency improvement programs are initiated and implemented for the four types of appliances mentioned above from now to 2030, the costs of saved energy (CSE) of these energy saving programs are only a fraction of the long run marginal cost (LRMC) of new power plant constructions, ranging from 5.1% for lamps, 21.6% for television sets, 80.9% for refrigerators, and 19.5% for air conditioning units, respectively. In addition, energy efficiency improvement program can also help to reduce total amount of electricity generation and CO2 emission. In 2030, this alternative can reduce amounts electricity generation and CO2 emission attributed for household sector by 21.4% and 21.6%, respectively, as compared to the conventional supply side of expanding new power plants.