Characterization of deformation instability in modified 9Cr–1Mo steel during thermo-mechanical processing

In this study, various existing instability criteria were employed to delineate the unstable flow regions in modified 9Cr–1Mo steel during hot deformation. Experimental stress–strain data obtained from isothermal hot compression tests, in a wide range of temperatures (1123–1373 K) and strain rates (10−3–10 s−1), were employed to develop instability maps. The domains of these instability maps were validated through detailed microstructural study. It has been observed that Hart’s stability criterion, Jonas’s criterion and Semiatin’s criterion under-predicts the instability regions in the studied temperatures and strain rates regime. Gegel’s and Alexander’s criteria as well as Murty’s metallurgical instability criterion, on the other hand, found to over-predict the instability domains. The instability map developed based on Dynamic Materials Model criterion has been found to precisely predict the instability domains. This instability map revealed four major unstable domains. Microscopic examination in these domains revealed that the instability is manifested in the specimens either as localized deformation band primarily along one of the diagonal or inhomogeneous distribution of martensite lath in the prior austenite grains.