Carboxylesterase-mediated insecticide resistance: Quantitative increase induces broader metabolic resistance than qualitative change

- Wild-type and two mutant esterases from two insects are transferred to fruit flies.
- G/A151D or W271L mutation disrupts enzyme's original activities.
- Mutant esterases bring at most low organophosphate resistance in flies.
- Overexpression of any type of esterases causes low insecticide resistance.