Trimethylamine-N-oxide, as a risk factor for atherosclerosis, induces stress in J774A.1 murine macrophages

GRP94 and HSP70 are stress-inducible heat shock protein, so the elevation in J774A.1 murine macrophages can clearly define cells under stress and elucidate the contribution of stress induced by TMAO that may have a part in the abnormal activation of macrophages involved in foam cell formation.