On the general relationship between victimization and offending: Examining cultural contingencies

• The victim-offender overlap exists across cultural contexts
• The effect of victimization on offending is largely invariant
• Cultural variables have potential to moderate the victim-offender relationship
• Research should not ignore cultural influences on the consequences of violent behavior

Culture has been implicated in a wide range of individual behaviors. However, empirical investigation of how culture impacts violent behavior is limited. In particular, the well-established finding that there is an overlap between offenders and victims has not been examined in a culturally comparative context - limiting the ability to generalize current findings across cultures.PurposeThis study uses data from the second International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-II), a large school-based sample of adolescents in grades 7-9, and three measures from the Hofstede Dimensions of National Culture dataset to investigate how culture might moderate the relationship between victimization and offending.MethodsA series of multivariate, multilevel models are run examining variation in the victim-offender overlap across contexts and attempting to explain why variations exist.ResultsThe results indicate that victimization remains a salient predictor of offending across contexts with overall consistency in its effect on offending. Some cultural indicators were shown to slightly moderate this relationship.ConclusionsWhile consistency in the victim-offender overlap was clear, individualism was a cultural-level variable that displayed a weak but statistically significant moderation effect on the victim-offender relationship suggesting that culture should not be altogether ignored in studies on violence.