Emergency and Critical Care of Small Psittacines and Passerines

Small psittacines, such as cockatiels, budgerigars, and lovebirds, and passerines, such as canaries and finches, are commonly presented to the avian veterinarian on an emergency basis. Their diminutive size makes accurate assessment and initial supportive care essential for a favorable outcome. Techniques for handling, emergency procedures, and supportive care of small psittacines and passerines are reviewed in the first part of this article. Most birds in this group weigh less than 100 g, limiting the diagnostic tests and procedures that can be performed. Familiarity with common diseases affecting small psittacines and passerines and their presentation will allow for timely assessment and maximization of diagnostic tests increasing the probability for an accurate diagnosis. Common causes of emergency clinical presentations, recommended diagnostic procedures and treatment protocols are reviewed in the second part of this article. Lastly, quick reference tables that overview normal biological parameters, guidelines for tube feeding, etiologies of dyspnea, oral and respiratory medication regimens, emergency drugs, and the equipment necessary for handling the small avian emergency patient also are included to facilitate emergency care and treatment of these species.