Lead Toxicosis in Falcons: A Method for Lead Retrieval

Lead toxicity is the most common heavy metal toxicosis in free-living birds, and one of the most important diseases of toxic origin in captive avian species. Falcons commonly ingest lead pellets or lead fragments concealed in the body of shot prey. Treatment of heavy metal toxicosis is an integral part of avian emergency and critical care practice. The primary treatment for lead toxicosis consists of the retrieval of lead particles from the digestive tract, and the secondary treatment consists of the use of chelating agents and support therapy. Lead retrieval from falcons with lead toxicosis should be undertaken immediately after the metallic radiodense particles have been observed in the gastrointestinal tract on survey radiographs. Lead pellets and lead fragments are retrieved using a combination of stomach lavage, rigid or flexible endoscopy, and long biopsy forceps.