Clinical approach to avian cardiac disease

Cardiovascular diseases are common among avian species but also have been known for their difficulty to diagnose. Knowledge on these disorders has increased considerably over the past few years, and cardiology has become an important and challenging field in avian medicine. This article reviews clinical aspects of avian cardiovascular disease. Clinical presentation, diagnostic procedures, and general management of heart disease in birds are discussed. An overview of common avian cardiovascular diseases is included.