The cognitive impact of the education revolution: A possible cause of the Flynn Effect on population IQ

• Is growing exposure to formal education over the 20th century a cause of the Flynn Effect?
• Study 1 examined academic numeracy tasks and prefrontal cortex activation among 8–19 year-olds.
• Study 2 examined variable exposure to schooling and cognitive executive functioning among subsistence-level farmers.
• Study 3 examined the cognitive demand of primary school mathematics textbooks over the 20th century.
• Findings suggest that mass education is one cause of the Flynn Effect.

The phenomenon of rising IQ scores in high-income nations over the 20th century, known as the Flynn Effect, indicates historical increase in mental abilities related to planning, organization, working memory, integration of experience, spatial reasoning, unique problem-solving, and skills for goal-directed behaviors. Given prior research on the impact of formal education on IQ, a three-tiered hypothesis positing that schooling, and its expansion and intensification over the education revolution, is one likely cause of the Flynn Effect is tested in three studies. First, a neuroimaging experiment with children finds that neuromaturation is shaped by common activities in school, such as numeracy, and share a common neural substrate with fluid IQ abilities. Second, a field study with adults from insolated agrarian communities finds that variable exposure to schooling is associated with related variation in the mental abilities. Third, a historical–institutional analysis of the cognitive requirements of American mathematics curriculum finds a growing cognitive demand for birth cohorts from later in the 20th century. These findings suggest a consilience of evidence about the impact of mass education on the Flynn Effect and are discussed in light of the g-factor paradigm, cognition, and the Bell Curve debate.